VIEW A TIMESTAMP ON WORD FOR A HOW TO INTERPRET THE

Specifically, do computers (or mobile devices) believed to be present at these events have some record of digital time associated with these events? As an example, inserting a USB drive can leave indicia in the form of digital timestamps on the computer in which the USB device was inserted. We can now use the synchronized text and audio.The common technology underlying the potential solution to both these problems is the concept and implementation of digital time. Timestamp in front of the verses. Alternatively, imagine you want to find out whether a person possessing a GPS-enabled cell phone and suspected of being involved in a crime was at the scene when the crime was committed.In your MacвЂ™s Finder, you can adjust your settings to view the Date Created (date photo was created on the computer), the Date Added (when this photo was added to this specific location), the Date Modified (the last time you made changes to this photo through your operating system or an application) and the Date Last Opened (when you last accessed this photo).We would then see a timestamp symbol next to the first line of each verse.

This is handy, because I write so many comments that they overrun the margin space and run into a sidebar or bottom bar, which is annoying.In both these situations, an understanding of digital time and how it is created, stored, and updated is essential to reconstruct a sequence of events for forensic purposes. In Word for Mac 2011, I could change my Preferences and choose not to show my name and timestamp in my Reviewing comment bubbles. Get smart assistance features as soon as they are released in Word, Excel. Share your files and collaborate in real time within a document or edit Office docs attached to emails. Now itвЂ™s easier than ever to write, design, and work seamlessly across your devices & with others.

View A Timestamp On Word For A How To Interpret The

The physicalВ time whose digital value is 0 is often called theВ вЂњepoch.вЂќ Two successive integers representingВ digital time differ by a вЂњunitвЂќ of digital time.В The unit is the smallest time difference we canВ represent. In practice, digital times areВ typically represented as positive integers that areВ stored as 32-bit or 64-bit numbers. Digital time is a discreteВ approximation used by digital machines to keepВ track of physical time. However, a skilled practitioner will understand the context and environment of digital time indicators and thus know how to interpret the information.The concept of time is intuitively familiar toВ us through our everyday acquaintance withВ clocks, calendars, time zones, etc., as well as our physiological sense of the passing of time.В We use the term вЂњdigital timeвЂќ to refer to timeВ kept by computers. In this article, we present an overview of digital time and discuss various factors that can influence the veracity (i.e., introduce uncertainty) of digital time indicators, thus complicating the job of a forensic investigator in discerning a sequence of events in space and time.

The real-time clock usually doesВ not provide any time zone or daylight savingsInformation. This battery has a lifetimeВ of about 10 years and is used to power a smallHardware device on the motherboard called theВ вЂњreal-time clockвЂќ. ModernComputers use a small lithium battery (typically,В model CR2032) in this section, we consider aВ вЂњtypicalвЂќ computer. One consequence of settingAn epoch value to some point of time in historyВ is that, while a computer can represent a finiteВ number of times that are later than the epoch, weВ cannot represent a time prior to the epoch.Now that we understand how digital time isВ represented, let us examine how our computersВ keep track of the time when turned off. This file system, used by the Windows 7В operating systems, for example, uses a 64-bit bitВ length, a 100 nanosecond unit, and an epochВ equal to midnight on the first day of the 17th century.1В The exact meaning of вЂњmidnight on Jan 1, 1601,вЂќВ will be discussed in the next section, along withВ other practical issues.

During this timeВ the system clock and the real-time clock may stayВ roughly in sync, but these two clocks may typicallyВ be considered as independent the purpose of theВ real-time clock is to maintain a rough track of theВ time when the power is off whereas the systemВ clock is the source of digital time for the operatingВ system, e.g., for time-stamping of files (discussedВ below). Once the operating system hasВ set the initial time of its system clock, it can keepВ track of time independently of the real-time clockВ using the central processing unit (CPU), which isВ powered by the main computer power sourceВ rather than the CR2032 battery. When a personal computer is first turnedВ on, the operating system (via low-level modulesВ called BIOS) knows that it can typically set its ownВ clock, the вЂњsystem clock,вЂќ by reading the time onВ the real-time clock.

Screen shot from a Windows 7 operating system showing the 'Date and Time' utility that can be used to set the date, time, and time-zone values.The small blue and yellow image of a shield in the вЂњChange date and timeвЂ¦вЂќ button shown in Figure 1, indicates that special administrative privileges may be required to change the date and time on this computer. For example, in Windows 7, theВ application called вЂњDate and Time,вЂќ shown inВ Figure 1 below, can be used to change the timeВ and time zone to whatever value (greater thanВ midnight Jan 1, 1601) is desired.Figure 1. Furthermore, once the operating systemВ is installed, a user can access various softwareВ tools to change the value of the system time andВ the time zone.

For example, if the log file for updating a local anti-virus database contains the logged date and time of the update (reflecting the local system time), this time can be compared with the known release date and time of the update as published on the anti-virus software vendorвЂ™s website.Figure 2. One useful method of corroborating system time with physical time is by comparing the times written in log files generated by known software (such as operating system updates or antivirus software updates), and comparing these timestamps with known physical events (e.g., when the updates were released). For example, in Figure 2 below, the ostensible creation date of a file has been set to Jan 1, 1601, by manipulating the system clock on a Windows 7 operating system.It is not a straightforward process to set the date of the system clock earlier than 1980 via the Windows вЂњDate and TimeвЂќ application in Windows 7 however, various other applications, such as Cygwin, can be installed that make it easy to set the date arbitrarily within Windows.Due to the fact that the system time can be manipulated, it is important to have independent methods of confirming that the system time is consistent with the actual time. The next time the computer boots normally, this will set the system clock to the changed time.3Thus, human intervention is a very important way in which uncertainty could be introduced into digital time keeping and can be used to manipulate the time at which events appear to have occurred.

Although these definitions of the timestamps appear straightforward, complex situations can produce counter-intuitive (at least at first glance) timestamp values. For example, when one views the вЂњPropertiesвЂќ of a file in Windows, the following are displayed: Modification Time, Access Time, and Creation Time, collectively referred to as MAC Times.4The Modification Time generally refers to the most recent time the fileвЂ™s content was changed, the Access Time generally refers to a time when the file was accessed, and the Creation Time generally refers to the time the file was created. For example, most computers running a Microsoft Windows operating system today use the NTFS file system, which records the digital time associated with events related to the file. A fileвЂ™s timestamps are metadata associated with the file that record the digital times for certain events in the fileвЂ™s lifetime.

However, the three operating systems can enforce different policies with respect to timestamps. For example, Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7 are three different operating systems, each of which can read and write data to a disk organized using NTFS. It does not refer to the operating system that enforces the policies for maintaining and updating digital timestamps. NTFS refers only to the organization of the data in a disk (and the low-level file system software).

View A Timestamp On Word For A Mac